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Prison and jail records often contain specialized legal and institutional terminology. These terms may appear in commitment registers, inmate case files, court minutes, pardon records, and newspaper crime reports. Understanding them can clarify an ancestor’s legal situation and custody status.
| Term | Definition |
| Admission Register | Log recording entry of prisoners into custody. |
| Appeal | Request for higher court review of conviction. |
| Arraignment | Court appearance where charges are formally read. |
| Bail | Money or bond posted for temporary release. |
| Bench Warrant | Arrest order issued directly by judge. |
| Board of Pardons | Body reviewing clemency applications. |
| Booking | Administrative process of recording arrest details. |
| Capital Offense | Crime punishable by death. |
| Commitment | Legal order directing confinement. |
| Commitment Paper | Document authorizing incarceration. |
| Concurrent Sentence | Sentence served simultaneously with another. |
| Convict | Person found guilty of crime. |
| Correctional Facility | Modern term for prison institution. |
| Custody | Legal detention or supervision. |
| Discharge | Official release from confinement. |
| Docket | Court record listing case proceedings. |
| Felony | Serious criminal offense. |
| Fine | Monetary penalty imposed by court. |
| Gaol (Jail) | Historical spelling for jail. |
| Good Time | Sentence reduction for good behavior. |
| Hard Labor | Work requirement imposed as part of sentence. |
| Indictment | Formal criminal charge issued by grand jury. |
| Inmate | Person confined in prison or jail. |
| Jailor | Official responsible for jail supervision. |
| Judgment | Final decision in criminal case. |
| Jurisdiction | Authority of court over case. |
| Misdemeanor | Lesser criminal offense. |
| Mittimus | Writ ordering sheriff to confine individual. |
| Parole | Conditional release before sentence completion. |
| Pardon | Official forgiveness of crime. |
| Penitentiary | State prison for long-term sentences. |
| Plea | Defendant’s formal response to charge. |
| Probation | Supervised release instead of incarceration. |
| Recidivist | Repeat offender. |
| Remand | Return to custody. |
| Sentence | Punishment imposed after conviction. |
| Sheriff | County law enforcement officer. |
| Solitary Confinement | Isolation from other prisoners. |
| Surety | Person guaranteeing appearance in court. |
| Suspension of Sentence | Postponement or cancellation of penalty. |
| Transport | Movement of prisoner between facilities. |
| Trial | Judicial examination of charges. |
| Verdict | Jury’s decision in criminal case. |
| Warden | Administrator of prison. |
| Workhouse | Local detention facility often for minor offenses. |
| Writ | Formal written court order. |
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